'What is hysteria? Discuss how hysteria was important in the origins of psychoanalysis.\r'

'Introduction\r\n by dint ofout the level of mental science, the term fierceness was wasting maladyd to discern symptoms of sickness that were atypical to already corroborateed diseases (Feinstein, 2011). Neuropsychiatrists of the 1800-1900s described Hysteria as an illness where dissociation occurs for reasons that argon non obvious. The symptoms shown in a hysterical patient argon those such(prenominal)(prenominal) as anaesthesia, amnesia, abulia, ride visit dis lays and changes in temperament (Haule, 1986). These symptoms ar cognize to twenty-four hour period as a subject of psych aneurosis which agents emotional excitability, provoking emotions such as fear or panic. affray of the sensory, motor and cognitive functions of humans ar also a result of this crabbed neurosis (Patel, 2012). It has been argued by critics of the DSM that the direct, Hysteria, lacks validity and that the single reason why it lasted as a cat self-importancery of disease end-to-end n ews report is due to tradition (Feinstein, 2011). Thus, in 1994, the DSM-IV outside ‘ fury’ as an established disease and divided the symptoms of the disease into ii sections straight off k straightwayn as Somatoform disease and divisible Disorder. The contends under these both umbrella toll covered the symptoms that were accepted by the legitimate term ‘ madness’ (Feinstein, 2011). The DSM-IV verbalize that the diagnoses for the conditions which falsehood under the umbrella terms Somatoform Disorder and dissociative Disorder be oddly relevant to the formerly known diagnostic cat selfries of ferocity. These conditions are Somatisation Disorder, vicissitude Disorder and Dissociative Amnesia (Feinstein, 2011). innovation Disorder was the nearly closely associated to the turnovers that were treated by Charcot and Freud in the 1900s, and refers to symptoms that mimic neurological disorders such as motor and sensory deficits, pseudo seizures and meld present tenseations. These symptoms should not relate to any complete source of illness, nor be associated with substance use/abuse or the patients participation in culturally endorsed behaviours such as trances during spectral ceremonies in order for them to be and start out been diagnosed as craze (Feinstein, 2011). The aim of the present essay is to outline what hysterical neurosis was, and how it relate to depth psychology. So, although the symptoms of fury are now stand for through separate cat selfries of affable disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in the present day, for the purpose of this essay, the term hysteria will be used to capsulize all of the symptoms, and in order to make up the historical and contextual term whilst discussing the relevancy of the condition to the origins of analytic thinking. The books suggests that the causes of hysteria are linked to bypast traumas, scrap, undue vehemence such as bereavement and a level o f abuse (Patel, 2012). It has also been theorised that repression of familiar or aggressive behaviours could trigger hysteria. This purpose was best conveyed through Freud’s exploit on patient Anna O, where psychoanalysis had begun to coin form. Freud had treated Anna O for symptoms of Hysteria by joining Breuer’s talk therapy and Charcot’s view of hysteria (Webster, 2004). Anna O’s symptoms represented the typical manifestation of hysteria. somatic symptoms consisted of a cough, paralysis on the in good order side of the body, contractures, and disturbances in vision, hearing and language. mental symptoms consisted of lapses in consciousness and frequent hallucinations. These symptoms are similar to the modern day indicators of Conversion Disorder. Doctors found no organic cause for Anna O’s symptoms, so as a result of this, she was diagnosed with hysteria. Through the spend a penny on Anna O, an outline for psychoanalysis had begun to pop out (Webster, 2004). Freud continued to use the same sanative techniques on oppositewise patients who dis contend the symptoms of hysteria, consequently take psychoanalysis into all-encompassing height (Webster, 2004). The affect of exploring concepts such as the unconscious mind, repression and intrapsychic conflict in hysterical patients aided the suppuration of psychoanalysis. Hypnosis, directional and abreactive techniques, and an early form of free tie beam were used with these patients. Through these experiments Freud was able to alter the foundation of his psychoanalyticalal hypothesis by adding these techniques to his practice of psychoanalysis (Krohn, 1978). Freudian psychoanalytic system, and its associated practice, psychoanalysis, placed emphasis on the possibleness of the unconscious mind. Freud had proposed that the mind was composed of third components: the id, ego and superego. These components were suggested to play a significant grapheme in th e information of hysteria and are best explained through their railroad tie to the psychosexual stages of organic evolution (Yarom, 2005). The psychosexual stages of development encompass the Oral, Anal, phallic, Latent and Genital stagecoachs. The theory holds the base that the ego develops during the Oral phase, and the superego develops during the Phallic phase. The subject of hysteria has widely been study in ego psychology and its intellect was enhanced in the to a greater extent youthful studies end-to-end the belles-lettres, as a personality disorder related to conflicts within the ego (Yarom, 2005). Psychoanalytic theory had proposed that the ego and the superego were develop by the genius in order to put into effect some chink over the libido during psychosexual development and end-to-end adult smell, so that need for contentment is directed into socially acceptable styles. Freud had stated that need for gratification is associated with the different sep arate of the body during each stage of psychosexual development, thus the conflict between the id, ego and the superego is associated with whichever psychosexual stage the individual is at (McLeod, 2008). The conflict within the psyche at the Phallic stage is what has been theorised to bring nigh the Oedipus and Electra Complexes in individuals (McLeod, 2008). The suggestion do by Freud was that hysteria was associated with rejected sexuality. Freud put frontward strong references to the fe manlike sexuality. This connection was made through the theory of the Electra complex in which fe anthropoids are said to fix unconscious incestuous wishes and invidia the fellow member of their male caregivers. For this reason, hysteria was a disease strongly related to women (Yarom, 2005) On the other hand, neo-Freudian approaches, such as that of Horney’s (1967) suggested that penis envy should be considered as a tri plainlyary as opposed to primary phenomenon, in the sense tha t women’s sexual identities are more than focused on aspirations to provide children rather than achieve orgasm. However, it may be suggested that this still provides a sexist standpoint against women as it portrays women as solitary(prenominal) beingness intimacyed in bearing children. Nonetheless, sexism was soft overcome as recital progressed and this was unequivocal through the fact that hysteria little by little became a disorder that was associated with males as come up as female persons (Yarom, 2005). Yet contradictory literature shows studies during the 1970s which still insisted that hysteria was more prevalent among women than men, with a high comorbidity discernable between sociopathy and hysteria, especially in women (Cloninger & Guze, 1971). These findings are protrudeed by Lerner (1974) who stated that hysteria is a disease frequently utilise to women and less frequently, if never, to men. However, despite these studies showing test in the lit erature that hysteria is a female only disease, it may be suggested that the chauvinistic and patriarchic nature of night club throughout history may defy influenced the findings that although males may exhibit hysterical behaviours, it does not necessarily mean that they have the condition hysteria. It may be the case that male researchers did not want to associate this ‘impuissance in character’ to the male population, accordingly put it forth as a female only illness, maintaining the ‘strong’ run into of men. Secondly, since the majority of the researchers in this area of interest were males, it may also be suggested that they lacked empathy and grounds of the emotions and behaviours that females were exhibiting, thus interpreted these as more hysterical than those which the males were exhibiting. Conversely, the paper by Lerner (1974) does doom that hysterical symptoms such as renewal reactions and dissociative phenomena were been observed in me n, but that these patients did not display the cognitive and personality characteristics of the hysterical individual, thence they did not have hysteria. Yet, in any case, when social and contextual factors are taken into consideration, it brings one’s attention to the fact that the doctors and researchers involved in studies of Hysteria were mainly male, reinforcing the notion that the literature was also dominated by observations influenced by patriarchal males. To lend additional support to this view, it was advocated that the interpretation of the prevalence of Hysteria among women on the part of psychoanalysts was focused on preoedipal and oedipal developmental tasks that must be mastered by males and females, yet the libidinal development of the two sexes only offers a partial explanation of the alleged sex differences in Hysteria, therefrom it is more rational to hold the touch sensation that social and cultural factors play a major role in the issue (Lerner, 1974) . With reference to conflict within the psyche during each psychosexual stage, the purpose of psychoanalysis was to aid the patient in delivery forward to consciousness the repressed thoughts and emotions that were associated with these phases. solving these conflicts would strengthen the ego (Zimberoff & Hartman, 2000).. In accord, the likelihood of developing hysteria would lessen. This is supported by the notion that tension during each phase relies on the way in which the ego deals with anxiety, and that hysteria is a result of manifested repression of an inconsistent idea on the ego’s part (Vaillant, 1992). Therefore, the evidence ground on the relationship between the id, ego and superego in psychosexual stages and the development of hysteria, played a cruicial role as a accelerator in bringing the theory of psychoanalysis into practice. This is evident through the demonstration of how resolve psychosexual conflicts strengthens the ego, therefore avoiding the development of hysteria. Although the role of Hysteria in the development of psychoanalysis is clear, it must be noted that the patriarchal approach taken by Freud and other researchers during the studies of Hysteria had also reflected on the theory and practice of psychoanalysis (Bernheimer & Kahane, 1985). Freud’s writings were based mainly on male development (McLeod, 2008). This could imply one of two things: Either that he held the belief that female development reflected male development, or that it was inferior to male development. Hence, it is appropriate for one to question the theory that if hysteria was a female only disease, was it a mirror of male hysteriaThis could in turn imply that males were also prone to developing hysteria, therefore weakening the literature throughout history that hysteria was limited to females. On the other hand, it may also be suggested that if only the ‘hysterical symptoms’ that were limited to men, were mirrored b y women and were manifested in women as full blown hysteria, that hysteria was in fact a disease in full bloom in males as well as females. If women mirroring the behaviour of men was the case, this would suggest and elevate reinforce the idea that psychoanalysis the harvest-time of a patriarchal foundation, as hysteria was the catalyst which had patriarchal influences attached to it. As a consequence, one is left in a position to question whether studies on hysteria had influenced psychoanalysis, or whether psychoanalysis had influenced the findings and history of hysteria, as they both appear to be partners in crime when the issue of sexism has been mentioned throughout the literature. In summary, hysteria is a dumbfound of symptoms known in the modern day as three different categories of mental disorder, classified by the DSM-IV as: Somatisation Disorder, Conversion Disorder and Dissociative Amnesia. These three categories involve the indicators of hysteria such as anaesthe sia, amnesia, abulia, motor control disorders and changes in personality. Modern psychology suggests that hysteria is brought on through past traumas, conflict, undue stress such as bereavement and a history of abuse. However, throughout the history of psychology, it was believed that hysteria was the ego’s reaction to suppressed sexual or aggressive behaviours. Freud, Charcot and Breuer played significant roles in the establishment of the term hysteria, and Anna O had been the low patient to be treated for the symptoms of hysteria. Through the practice of talking therapy and free association, Freud began to establish the theory of psychoanalysis as he worked with Anna O. Theories of the unconscious mind and its components, the id, ego and superego began to make out as Freud established their roles in the development of the human psyche. Later, hypnosis, directive and abreactive techniques, were used with Freud’s patients. It was through the founding of the psychosex ual stages of development that psychoanalysis began to blossom in full bloom. Many doctors in the 1800-1900s had associated hysteria with females, considering it to be a women’s only disease and suggesting that men merely showed symptoms of the disease †not a complete case (Lerner, 1974). For this reason, Freud had suggested that the conflict of the psyche during the Phallic stage, especially for females, whom struggled with penis envy, was what manifested as Hysteria at a later stage in life (Yarom, 2005). However, subsequent and more recent theory highlighted the fact that these findings were discovered during a passing patriarchal time in history, where the checkup field was widely dominated by men. Thus, it became evident that hysteria was, and still is a mental disorder found to be equally as prevalent in both men and women (Tucker, 2009). In conclusion, with observe to the essay question at hand, it was considered that hysteria was a significant foundation and catalyst for the development of psychoanalysis. However, due to the fact that hysteria itself was a flawed phenomenon in the way it was reflected throughout the literature at the time, psychoanalysis also became a skewed theory, based on patriarchal and chauvinistic theories. Nonetheless, this does not change the fact that Hysteria, and Anna O played a major role in the founding of psychoanalysis. Moreover, it should be considered that Hysteria is now an outdated term. The symptoms have been revised and the categories for the symptoms have been divided by the DSM, reflecting the progression that psychological literature has made since the time of Freud and psychoanalysis.\r\nReferences\r\nBernheimer, C. and Kahane, C. (1985). In Dora’s case. 1st ed. modernistic York: capital of South Carolina University Press.\r\nClonninger, C. and Guze, S. (1970). Psychiatric Illness and Female ill-doing: The Role of Sociopathy and Hysteria in the antisocial Woman. American Journal of Psy chiatry. 127(3), pp.303-311.\r\nFeinstein, A. (2011). Conversion disorder: advances in our understanding. Canadian Medical railroad tie Journal. 183(8). 915-920.\r\nHaule J.R. (1986). Pierre Janet and dissociation: the first carry-over theory and its origins in Hypnosis. Am J Clin Hypnosis. 29: 86-94\r\nHorney, K. (1967). Feminine psychology. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton.\r\nKrohn, A. (1978). Hysteria, the elusive neurosis. 1st ed. 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