Nestle Milky Bar Product Line Extentsion Marketing Essay

Nestle Milky Bar Product Line Extentsion Marketing sampleMilkybar white coffee tree is an established childrens tick saturnine with a rich heritage. all over the past 2 years the volumes on this proceeds flip been declining due to negative associations of confectionery brands with childhood obesity. Moreover legislation prevents promoting this product to the differentiate target market. A need for innovation turnaround within the brand portfolio is imperative to ensure survival sustainability on the brand over huge term.Consumers gustations during economic downturns atomic number 18 generally do not promote exam of parvenue products as a result of limited discretionary income. The primal concept is that consumers would rather spend their hard earned cash on products that they be certain of, than products that could potentially be a disappointment. This trend is alike amongst low income earners consumers (ACORN Category 5, Group NOPQU) (Appendix 1)Manufacturers are also reluctant to make far bigger investments into a new brand prefer to extend established brand light upons in different product offerings. A product that utilises an existing brand heel requires lesser investment than if a entirely new brand name launched. The risk is also lessened through product extension. So period an organisation requires to remain exciting relevant to consumers to ensure its survival the preference is to do this through renovation on existing marges as opposed to complete innovation.Current Market Chocolate ConfectioneryNestles standpoint on viands sustenance is simple you are what you run. There is more ken now is that pr sparklery feed means ripe health and good life and people are starting to make more food choices based on health. With over 140 years of food and nutrition research, Nestl is committed to offering better lifestyle choices including Good Food youll make love for a Good LifeDue to the nutritional challenges that consumers are faced, what they eat how much they eat and the way they live their lives, eat a fitter diet may be daunting. However sometimes a some small changes usher out make a big difference to your boilersuit health. Nestle commitment is to ensure that consumers dont have to compromise on stress and enjoyment in order to be brawny. Nestle promotes the concept of healthy eating to eat a healthy balanced diet and the flop amount for the level of activity that you do each day in order to avoid unwanted fish gain. By following these guidelines consumers can ensure healthier, good food choices you are more likely to opinion and look greatMeet daily nutritional needs for nutrients, including indwelling vitamins, minerals and antioxidantsProvide a boost to your immunity helping to fight off coughs, colds and other everyday bugsBe better able to control your weightLower your risk of developing serious illnesses such as liveliness disease, diabetes or cancersHowever healthy eating is a n aspect of the lifestyle, keeping active agent as part of your daily life, is also an important part of keeping well and taking care of yourself.Nestle helps to provide good food choices byProviding consumers with useful information on the nutrition content of products some(prenominal) on the website and on the food and drinks packagingProviding consumers with information rough healthy eating and tips on how to make healthier choicesHowever sequence rouge to Nestles objectives of healthier eating the fundamental vision of good food good life in a nutritionally responsible manner the judge profile of products should not be lost.ConsumersMilkybars strike consumer has been children aged 5-13. This young consumer segement ordinarily is not the shopper generally the shopper is either parents, family members or caregivers . This in itself provides a spot challenge to the marketer, while the product must appeal to the target department it must also do the same for the shopper . Therefore there are contradictory motives desire of the product from both the shopper the consumer. While the child may simply want a yummy take, the shopper is concerned about topical issues of high sugar intake, bad nutrition obesity. It becomes very difficult then(prenominal) to appeal to both these very key stakeholders without risking alienating one or the other.The key challenge then is satisfying both these key stakeholders in the purchase decision making process. The actual consumer the child requires a treat with little consequence or thought to nutrition the caregiver requires a product that will offer some nutritional value. A product that could satisfy both these needs will ensure the survival of the brand.To set ahead complicate matters recent development cut downions into advertize childrens brands increases the challenge of marketing a child-focused umber brand. Ofcoms restrictions on TV advertising of HFSS (High Fat, Salt, Sugar) prevents Nestle from util ising TV as a medium for Milkybar adverts during key childrens programming slots. Moreover the healthier eating debate has prompted key stakeholders of childrens health like parents, key givers schools to reduce chocolate offer alternatives such as cereal bars, lively and dried fruit, batty and seeds thus also limiting the availabilty distribution of Milkybar. The below is a ruling from OFCOM which is the advertising governing body for the UK.LegislationThe Government would like to restrict the progression of food and drink high in fat, salt or sugar (HFSS foods) to children in all its forms , including on broadcast and non-broadcast media) and to encourage the promotion of healthier alternatives. This is against a background of social and governmental concern about rising childhood obesity and ill-health due to dietary imbalance, specifically the over-consumption of HFSS foods and the under-consumption of fresh foods, fruit and vegetables. Both the Department of Health (DH) and the Food Standards Agency (FSA) have identified television advertising as an area where action should be considered to restrict the advertising of HFSS products to children.The brand has previously used the platform of advertising through the concept of a humorous, Wild West-inspired heroes and villains theme. Its most recent TV advert, a sedate looking Milkybar Kid on horseback winding through a wood, with no dialogue just animal noises, which highlights the undivided natural concept.The concept therefore of extending this product into associated categories is imperative. With this in mind exploration into a Milkybar ice cream lollies was initiated. This will extend this product to a different consumption occasion add volumes revenue to the base brand. The product will be positioned as atomic number 20 enriched to add value for its consumers. calcium is a likely association for the already milk rich chocolate bar. The concept behind the added value is the shopper gatekeep er for kids will seek healthier snacking resources. And a product that will assist in a key concern for gatekeepers nutrition will provide a creative solution.Milkybar ice cream lollies will be positioned as a snacking/dessert option for children. The creaminess of Milkybar chocolate will appeal to children on the taste platform. The calcium enriched position will add extra value of providing nutritional benefits while being a snack. This will increase its appeal as a healthier snacking option for parents gatekeepers. The portions nutritional guidelines will be in line with Nestles principles of responsible healthier eating. With this in mind the concept for project ice-cold Cow (Milkybar ice cream lollies) was formulated.

Cultural Competency of Nurses

Cultural Competency of Nurses1.1 Cultural competencyThe con gradement to equality in wellness sympathize with supply is ingrained indoors the core values of the health c be profession and nurses argon expect to ful take on these fates. The breast feeding and Midwifery Councils (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct either the way states that nurses must treat every patient as individual, respect their arrogance and not to discriminate irrespective of succession, ethnicity or heathenish background (Husband and Torry 2004a). The NMC (2004) emphasises that ethnicly competent forethought is moral and legal requirement for nurses. Thus the requirement for the development of ethnical competence is to be found within the NMC command of conduct. Josipovic (2000) points unwrap that the delivery of individualised anguish, in consideration of phantasmal and ethnic requirements of Black and heathenish Minorities (BME) patients can assist nurses to fulfill their obligations.Ho wever, thither is no universal definition of heathen competence Campinha-Bacote (2002) defines ethnic competence as a routine, which requires the health business concern professional to continuously attempt to stool the top executive to induce competently with the cultural setting of the patient. Nevertheless Papadopoulas et. al. (1998) defines cultural competence as the ability to give printingive cargon trance taking into account patients specific cultural of necessity, carriages and beliefs. Narayata definitionNonetheless, there has been real banter of contrary models of cultural competence in nurse literary works (Gunaratnam, 2007). Campinha-Bacote (1998) model of cultural competence the process of cultural competence in the delivery of health vexation service, identifies five internal constructor of cultural competenceCultural awarenessCultural knowledgeCultural acquisitionCulturally encounterCulturally desireConversely the Papadopoulas et. al. (1998) model o f develop cultural competence consists of quaternity stages Cultural awareness, Cultural knowledge, Cultural sensitivity and Cultural competent. Rosenjack Burchum (2002) identified the attri merelyes of cultural competence as same as those of Papadopolos et al (1998) but adds cultural down the stairsstanding, and cultural skill as essential attributes. Cultural competence is, according to Rosenjack Burchum (2002), the development of knowledge and skill manifested by the synthesis of the above attributes and their respective dimensions in human interaction.Although there is sign in the models of cultural competence they all gestate common care of common chord main components cultural sensitivity, cultural knowledge and cultural skills (Gogwin et al. 2001). match to Garity (2000) cultural competence involves having apprehension and sensitivity toward polar cultural collections and factors that reckon their lives such(prenominal) as immigration, discrimination and the possi bility for these factors to improve or crucify professional practice. Hence, for a nurse to flummox cultural competent s/he necessitate to develop an understanding of ones own cultural involve, views, beliefs, behavior and those of the patient epoch avoiding stereotyping and generalisation (http//www.culturediversity.org/cultcomp.htm). The aim is to go over that the health care services and professionals are respectful and responsive to the health beliefs, practices, cultural and linguistic needs of diverse patients, which can help hold about(predicate) commanding health event (http//minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2lvl).Cultural competency is a process that needs to be continuously developed in nightspot to enhance ones ability to give affective health care (Papadopoulos 2006). All registered nurses afford the indebtedness to competently hold up professional knowledge and practice by ensuring up to date knowledge, skill and ability as surface as syn thetic rubber and effective practice (NMC2008). Although the NMC clearly places the individual with the responsibility of developing cultural competence, it should be acknowledged that individuals alone cannot be held responsible for the delivery of culturally safe and competent health care service if insufficient resources are not made available (Husband and Torry, 2004a). Nonetheless, Dreher and MacNaughton (2002) set forth cultural competence as the same as breast feeding competence the ability to deliver care individualised and therapeutic to severally patient despite well-disposed context or cultural background, this being the signature of contemporary nursing. However, the basic formula of providing nursing care to culturally diverse universe of discourses is not an entirely impudently idea, as the need for such was recognised in the United States in the late 1800s (Davis, 1996) and was also recognized by Florence Nightingale when advising British nurses workings in I ndia (Wilkins, 1993). In the put out century, most western countries saw world-shaking changes in the make up of their populations due to change magnitude trends in spherical migration that outleted in multiethnic and multi- phantasmal societies. In the UK BME pigeonholings make up 7.9 % of the total population (Office for matter Statistics, 2001). As the population becomes more diverse so does the complexness of the patients needs that the nurse must address (Black, 2008). Thus far, the need for the nurses to become culturally competent has become import (Black, 2008, Gunaratnam, 2007).The pertinent publications senior high schoollights that, in the last hardly a(prenominal) decades, scholars and seekers grow debated the issue relating to the delivery of appropriate nursing care to meet the needs of BME pigeonholings (refs). There is a growing consistency of induction that deliver there are inadequacies in the nursing care provided to these groups (Vydelingum, 2006, Cortis, 2004) and concerns about ethnic disparities in health in the UK (Aspinall and Jacboson, 2004). Studies on engagement of hospital services by BME patients, in particular the elderly develop consistently demonstrated level of dissatisfaction with the care provided from cultural and/or religious viewpoints (DoH, 2009 horsefly, 2003 Patel, 2001 Cortis, 2000, Vydelingum 2000) 1.2 BME EldersNevertheless, the concept of the ageing population is one that has riposted practically discussion in the UK (Caldwell et al, 2008) as this age group is the main expenditurers of both health and social care services ( discussion section of health, 2001). While all senior(a) people adopt common needs and experiences of hospitals, the needs and experiences of the BME older people are make by their race and ethnicity (Ahmad, 1993 Blakemore and Boneham, 1994). Majority of todays BME elders are yesterdays young migrants from the commonwealth countries (Patel, 2001), who came to the UK duri ng the twentieth century as a result of g everywherenment policy to fill labour shortage (Houston and Cowley, 2002). According to Evandrou, (2006) in 2001 4% of the BME population were over 65 and this minute is rapidly rising, from approximately 60 000 in 1981 to about 360 000 in 2001-2002 (Butt and ONeil, 2004, Beaven, 2006) and is expected to increase in the next 15 days (Evandrou, 2000). These elderly groups crap particularly been disadvantage by the cumulative effect of age, race and inaccessibility to services (Norman, 1985). However, newly arrived migrants are belike to persona similar concerns and experience in hospital care (Patel, 2001).The 2001 and earlier censuses ground that health disparities dwell in the UK and that levels of long term illness are higher in older BME groups than in the general population (From A Szczepura 2005).Older people from BME are report more chronic illnesses such as cardio-vascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and stroke when compar ed to the majority (Tilke, 1998 Ebrahim, 1999 Evandrou, 2000b). An appreciation of the health care needs of this group is vital in understanding the difficulties they face in accessing health care services (Toofany, 2007).One occurring theme connected with old age and ethnicity that has been repeatedly identified from the1980s until today is the lack of urgency over politics action for the group (Norman, 1985, Patel, 1990, Lindesay, 1997, Patel, 2001). The Policy Research Institution on senescent and Ethnicity (PRIAE) highlights that these groups are not normally considered in old age inquiry (Patel, 2003). Hoong Sin, (2003) points out that BME older people in the UK are disadvantaged by the lack of a reliable sampling frame. Although there are few national studies, most look projects are teensy and involve place specimens (Hoong Sin 2003). Therefore the infrastructure for doing query with such population groups is inadequately set up (Hoon Sin, 2003). In PRIAEs view we spe nd a penny had too much discussion, action is overdue (Patel, 2001). This affirmation suggests that BME elderly groups have never been a priority on the agenda for research or policy makers in the health care services. Saleh (2009) suggests that the introduction of the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 increased pressure on health care organisations to adapt services to ensure equitable access for local all BME groups.On the new(prenominal) hand, division of Health (DoH) ensures that reducing health disadvantage and social exclusion for BME elders is primeval to UK health and social policy (DoH, 2001b). The DoH made specific commitments, in the National Standards, Local Action, to improve quality of service for BME where they are disadvantaged in terms of health (refs). This betterment according to Papadopoulos et al. (2006) is a sign that the NHS is undergoing modernization.Unfortunately, the last two National Patient Survey Programme reports (2008 2009) show the experience s of all BME groups (with the exception of those from the Irish community) are significantly less likely to be positive than those of the indigenous populations. From a nursing aspect this outcome heads the nurses competence in delivering culturally appropriate care.The books available identifies cultural competency as one of the main factor that can help cease the inequalities in health care system (refs). According to Papadopoulos et al. (1999) although evoke of the term cultural competence in DoH and National Health Services (NHS) documents has increased, there is no attention to what this actually means for patients or nurses and how it could be measured. Having and implementing clear, strong policies on race and equality is essential for health and social care organisations but this has to be supported with training and fosterage (PRIAE, 2005). Consequently, Dreher and MacNaughton (2002) doubted whether cultural knowledge translated into culturally specific care would neces sarily result in improved clinical outcomes or the reduction of health disparities.2. The appraise Aim and Research Strategies2.1 AimNurses are at the front stemma of care for BME older people in hospital and then it is grievous that the care delivered is in line with what is viewed as appropriate by the patients to their needs. The Department of Health openly acknowledges that much trunk to be done in terms of measuring older patients experiences of the process of care, respect, dignity, information and information (Shaw and Wilson, 2008).This review, and then, intends to bring together the literature concerning nurses views of what is essential in delivering culturally appropriate care to BME older patients as well as this groups expectations and experiences of nursing care. The aim is to look the cultural competency of nurses in compassionate for BME elderly patients in hospital setting.2.2 seek Strategy (Include inclusion/exclusion criteria, entropybases searched, k eywords, lectures and inclusive dates of the literature searched.)Search TermSearch was carried out exploitation combination of keywords such as Nurses, Cultural Competence/Awareness/Sensitivity, Geriatric, Elderly/Older, Black and Minority Ethnic and Experiences/Views. Furthermore, concepts relevant to hospital care such as Dignity, Respect and conquer Care were searched in combination with the above key terms.DatabasesThe electronic selective informationbases British Nursing Index, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health belles-lettres (CINAHL), Assia and Cochrane Library were searched to attain peer-reviewed literature published in the English language between 1990 and 2010 that are UK based. The informationbases yielded XXX potential studies relevant to the topic under review.Further search was conducted in the World Wide Web utilize the same key words and it produced xxx studies. The websites of the Department of Health, Transcultural Nursing Society, Royal Collage of Nursing and relevant Third Sector Organisations such as Age Concern, and PRIAE were also accessed which yielded XXX literature. Further literature was gained from the bring up and the bibliography of the gathered information as well as the library of the University.The titles and abstracts of the obtained literature were examined and studies focusing on care provided by nurses to BME elderly patients as well as studies examining the views/experiences of hospital care by this particular geriatric group were selected. For the purpose of the literature review an older person is defined as person older than 50 years. NSF considers an older person as a person who is over the age of 50 years. Yet, a limited numbers racket of studies (how many) about BME elders in hospital setting were identified. For this reason studies focusing on the topic that had a wide range of age sample group i.e. 30-80 were included as it would assist in identifying additional pertinen t literature. In total, XX studies were identified to meet the inclusion criteria for the literature review.The literature selected were chiefly primary empirical studies using soft approach. A qualitative research aims to understand the feelings, values, and perceptions that under lie and influence behavior (xxxx). Therefore the use of a qualitative conveningology is seen to be appropriate as all the studies examine the experiences of the BME patients through their own eyes and those of the nurses (from internet).2.3 Critical Appraisal of triplet Qualitative Studies on the Experiences of Nurses in Caring for BME Patients and BME patients Experiences of Nursing CareCortis (2004) group meeting the Needs of Minority Ethnic Patients horse tick (2003) Older South Asiatic patients and Care Perceptions of Culturally Sensitive Care In a friendship Hospital SettingHamilton and Essat (2008) Minority Ethnic Users Experiences and Expectations of NursingUsing Caldwells frameworks for cr itiquing health research, the three above stated studies will be analyzed systematically and supporting/contradicting evidence from other studies will be offered. WHY workout THIS FRAME WORK? Following the discussion of the review themes will be identified.TitleAlthough the title of the contract of Cortis is brief and conveys the nature of the area (Polit and Beck, 2010), it could be viewed as misleading as it gave the impression that the sample group was example of different communities of BME groups. However, the claim specifically focuses on the Pakistani ethnic community. Conversely, the titles of the researches by horsefly (2003) and Hamilton and Essat (2008) are short, accurate and clearly specifies what and who is being studied while reflecting the take on bailiwick (Burns, 2000).The Researchers Academic and Professional QualificationThe authors of the three researches have particular interest about the topic in question, which gives the assumption that they are fami liar or have professional insights. The qualification (PhD, MsC) of the researchers is relevant as it indicates that they are competent and have creditability to carry out researches.Further evidence to support researchers knowledge and interest of the topic was demonstrated as they are all nurses with extensive experience Cortis is a senior lecturer at the University of Leeds with Qualitative Research interest in ethnicity and BME issues. Clegg is a advisor in older peoples services and intermediate care at Leeds principle Hospital NHS Trust. Hamilton was a principal lecturer at De Montfort University with research interests in multi-ethnic care and Essat was research assistant at the same university working on a project exploring the instructional preparation of student nurses to work in a culturally diverse way.Abstract and RationaleA qualitative reputation must offer an abstract containing summary of study aim/objectives, research approach, methods adapted and the result of the study including the clinical applications (Cormack, 1996). cry (out) the abstract there should be key words related to the study offering the reader an overview of the research question. All studies have offered a broad abstract with key words relevant to their topics.Clear principle for confinement the study was given by all researchers Cortis rationale was the fact that there is little exploration of nurses experiences of caring for specific BME community while Cleggs rationale was that there is a lack of research defining the concept of cultural sensitive care from patient/care perspective. Lastly, the rationale provided by Hamilton and summation is that, nationally, there is an evidence to suggest that care provided doesnt always meet the needs of BME patients.LRAll three researchers did review pertinent literature (classics up to date), which was clear in the studies as well as the reference list. According to Doordan (1999) the literature offered should have discuss ed and critically reviewed related literature to find out what questions remains to be answered. Nevertheless, only Clegg (2003) provided a separate section for LR, which she must be praised for (Morse, 1994). In grounded possible action studies, researchers start with data collection initiatory and as the data is analysed and as the theory takes shape researchers then swallow to search the literature in order to link it to the emerging theory (Polit and Beck, 2010), which was evident in Cleggs study.AimThe three studies clearly identify and rid their aims. Cortiss (2004) argues that in a number of studies BME are seen as homogeneous therefore the aim of his study is to investigate a specific communitys uniqueness the experiences of nurses caring for Pakistani patients in northmost England. However, this aim is inconsistence with the title of study, which clearly treats BME as a homogeneously. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?While the aim of the Clegg (2003), was to identify older south As ian patients and carers perception of culturally sensitive care. Lastly, the aim of the research by Hamilton and asset (2008) was to give the minority ethnic groups the opportunity to articulatio their opinions on nursing care and to inform future nursing education.honorable IssuesBoth Cortis and Clegg clearly highlight that permission to do the study was sought from the Local Research Ethics Committee (LREC), which is an imperative rate before conducting any research. However, Hamilton and Essat (2008) omit to mention whether appropriate approval was gained from LRECs who exist to examine proposed research projects in order to guard peoples rights and interests (Cormack, 2000).All the researchers have to be praised for specifying the process and purpose of the study was explained to the participants before the study in order to obtain informed admit. Cortis (2004) clearly specifies that assurance was given to maintain confidentiality and anonymity of the sample group, which is s omething Hamilton and Essat (2008) fail to address in their study. Both Cortis and Hamilton Asset dont comment on the associated ethical issues of autonomy, non-maleficience and beneficence, (Cormack, 20000).Nevertheless, Clegg considered the vulnerability of the participants (Gerrish and Lacey 2006, Speziale and Carpenter 2007) and therefore committed to the ethical principles of autonomy, non-maleficience and beneficence (RCN, 2004), but fails to mention how confidentiality and anonymity was maintained. Clegg showed sensitivity towards the participants by informing them the voluntary nature of the research with the selection of being able to withdraw at any metre. This implies a non-coerciveness approach which was important in this study as this was vulnerable group. Conversely,The three studies inform that permission was sought from the participant to audio-tape the references but omit to identify where data was stored and the disposal procedure apply (Polit and Beck, 2008). This supports the premise that data used for a particular project should not be used for another without consent (Gerrish and Lacey, 2006).methodologicalBoth Cortis and Hamilton Essat (2008) fail to specify that the method used was phenomenological-exploratory, which is efficacious when studying individuals lived experiences (Crookes and Davies, 1998). The main methodological specialization of using phenomenological in these studies is that it is an inducive and holistic approach that looks at what occurs within (Crookes and Davies, 1998). Both of the studies focus was on the unique experiences of providing care by nurses to BME patients and perception of BME older patient views/expectations of nursing care. The biggest methodological limitation for using phenomenological in these studies is that it is labour intensive and time consuming for the researchers in terms of data collection and analysis (Crookes and Davies, 1998). Clegg, on the other hand, identifies the methodology u tilized as grounded theory, which is effective when studying individuals XXXX (GG). Methodological strength associated with the use of this approach in this study is xxxxx.Methodological weakness associated with the use of this approach in this study isThe three studies clearly identify the major concepts of the design used and their concepts, which are what?Sampling Technique and methodAccording to Polit and Beck, (2010) in qualitative research there is no rule for sample size as long as data intensity level achieved. The sample number (n=30) used by Cortis was considered to be suitable for qualitative research (Cormack 1999) why? However, the sample number by Clegg was four patients and three relatives. Clegg states in her study that she is not sure if data colour has been achieved. Morse (2000 in polit and beck book) suggests that number of participants required to reach saturation is a firmed by number of factors, such as the wider the research question the more participants necessary. This gives the impression that the sample size could have been too small for the scope of the research question hence why saturation was not reached (Morse 2000) possibly due to time or budget constraints (ref). Sampling number for Hamilton and Essat six focus groups, member of which range from 8 to 15 (? banging sample number for qualitative).All three researches state how many participants were recruited and from where areas with high population of BME. Cortis participants were recruited from a large acute hospital in north England and Clegg recruited this sample from a two community Hospital knowledgeable city and Hamilton and Essat recruited their sample of 6 diverse BME communities groups. The researchers must be praised for providing a clear indication of inclusive/exclusive criteria, in the process of recruiting participants.In contrast the three studies fail to identify the sampling methods and techniques used but inferred from the research studies is that non- probability method of purposive sampling was employed (Cormack, 1996). The method of purposive/judgmental sampling relies on the belief that researcher have passable knowledge about the population to be able to pick sample members (Polit and Bechk, 2010).The main strength associated with the use of purposive sampling in these studies is that the researchers purposively charter the participants knowing they would give relevant information about the topic in question (Polit and Beck, 2008). However, one main limitation is that this technique relies upon the researchers knowledge of cultural competence of nurses (Polit and Beck, 2008).Method of Data CollectionAll researchers collected data by audio taping query and transcription. Cortis, Clegg and Hamilton Assset adapted different types qualitative self-reporting technique, which is flexible in gathering self-reported information as it allows the participants to express their views in a naturalistic way (Polit and Beck, 2008).Data collection is described by Cortis as semi-structured interviews and supplementary questions to follow-up for clarification. Cortis informs that most interviews were done in the clinical area implying that participant had choice of venue, which he must be commend for. However, he omits to state where the rest of the interviews were done. WHY IS VITAL TO select PARTICIPANTS CHOICE OF VENUE?Nevertheless, Cleggs choice of data collection was unstructured interview that were done in the first language of the interviewee. Cross validation of the taped interviews was under taken by a second linguist. Both Cortis and Clegg fail to point out who/how many people performed the interview. Interview performed by one person provides uniformity and consistency (Denscombe, 2003).On the contrary, method of data collection used by Hamilton and Essat was focus group, which was sub-divided into 6 groups where each group had facilitator. The advantage with use of this method in this study is it can g enerate a lot of dialogue but the disadvantage is that not everyone is well-situated experiences their experiences/view in front of others (Polit and Beck, 2010).Overall, an advantage associated with the use of all interview technique utilized is that the interviewer can observe the participants non-verbal responses, which can provide worth(predicate) information (Burns 2000). Some of the main methodological limitation with the use of this method in these studies is that it was done in face to face, which could jeopardize the participants anonymity since they were placeable for the interviewer (Cormack, 1996).Method of Data AnalysisAll the researches used thematic content analysis, which is creditable method of data collection (xxxx). Only Hamilton and Asset clearly stated the method used and who analysed the data two members of the team. What does this mean for the research?Cortis transcribed the interviews himself to became personally immersed in the information. What does this mean for the research? Clegg points out that Micro-analysis of the data were used to identify categories but fail to say who analysed data. Having different people conducting the interview and the analysis of the texts can have an impact on the richness of the analysis performed (Strauss and Corbin, 1998).Nonetheless, steps were taken by all researchers to come to the rigour of the interpretation by checking the transcript with the participants to ensure correctness, which gave the data conformability and credibleness (Forchuk and Roberts, 1993). They also must be praised for indicating that the data was analysed systematically in some(prenominal) steps. However, they all fail to state the type of qualitative software used to categorise the information i.e. Ethnograph and if it was positive or negative to the analysis (Barnard, 1991).(Clegg Triangulation was introduced into the process of data analysis, which was carried out by a colleague from India).The methodological strength linked to the utilisation of this thematic content analysis in these studies is that it is commonly used in qualitative research and is suitable the three study aims. Limitation would be this analysis includes gathering statements on the bases of similarity and oftenness with the aim of making them to themes (Barnard, 1991). It could be argued that by doing so the researchers are using a quantities method of analysis for qualitative data as each data is not being treated uniquely (Barnard, 1991).Study ResultsThe three studies identified themes based on the participants experience which implies themes were not based on presumption authors (Cormack, 1996). Each studies result relate to its aim, which they must be praised for. The finding of each study uses the participants precise statement from the interview, which demonstrates analytical points and allows the reader to envision the voices of the participants. This demonstrates conformability and credibility (Burns, 2000) and let s the reader to get in-depth understanding of topics in discussion (Morse1196).Hamilton and Essats results highlight the view held by BME groups regarding nursing communitys lack of knowledge of cultural and religious beliefs. Cortiss findings agree with this as majority of the nurse participants did not deem that the provision of care was affected by culture and spirituality/ devotion was viewed narrowly by identifying the need for patients to perform prayers with no lack of recognition of other religious requirements. Participants in Cleggs study described the fundamental importance of theology and its effect on health and hospitalization. Other references re culture and religion to be added.All three studies highlighted communicational problem between patients and nurses, which as an issue hinders the development of relationship. However, problems in this area have been covered in many other studies such as (add referennces). And proposals and provisions to address them have bee n made by the DoH in order to reduce health inequalities (reference).Study DiscussionAll researchers offer a comprehensive discussion of their topics while comparing and contrasting their results relating to themes with other similar literature, which puts their finding in context making it more objective (Meltzoff, 1998). However, only Clegg specifies the study limitation which was the sample size- a larger sample size would have enhanced the probability of reaching saturation and increase the importance of the finding. lastThe three studies offer comprehensive conclusions which summarises the main results while suggesting area of throw out research or implementation.Cortis suggests that holism needs further conceptualization as his study highlighted nurses understanding of culture as part of holistic care was superficial, which presents a challenge for educators, nursing management, researchers and nursing practice in general. Clegg suggested further research needs to be carried out in order to define the nature of culturally sensitive services. She also points out that nurses understanding of culture and cultural sensitivity needs clarification. Hamilton and Asset suggests that nursing education must ensure that nurses initial training and post training education prepares them to become culturally understanding and sensitive.It could be argued that these three studies make useful recommendation for practice for nurses working with BME patients, which are based on education and research on cultural sensitivity. The three studies suggests that nurses are not culturally competent as required by professional bodies and the Government (English National Board for Nursing and Midwifery and Health Visiting 1997, DoH, 1997, United solid ground Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting 1999, Quality Assurence Agency 2001).Cortis (2004) conducted a phenomenological study investigating the experiences of 30 registered nurses who had nursed Pakistani patients in a large acute hospital in north England within the last three months. Semi-structure interviews and supplementary questions to follow up were the main method of da

Correlation Between Gene Mutations and Phenylketonuria

Correlation Between Gene Mutations and PhenylketonuriaMutations of the Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Gene in Persian Patients with PhenylketonuriaCorrelation among agent diversitys and PhenylketonuriaAlireza Biglari1, Fatemeh Saffari 2, Safarali Alizadeh3, Zahra Rashvand 3 , Reza Najafipour4, Mehdi Sahmani4ABSTRACTBackground Phenylketonuria (phenylketonuria) is an autosomal recessive disease results from flow renewings in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene.Objectives The aim of this withdraw was the identification of sixteen different pas seuls in Iranian patients with hyperphenylalanemia.Patients and Methods The newtys were detected during the characterization of PAH geno graphemes of 39 phenylketonuria patients from Qazvin and Zanjan lands of Iran.Results These mutations fork out been analyse by employ PCR and impart sequencing of PCR products, including the splicing sites and the promoter region of each(prenominal) 13 coding DNAs of PAH gene . A mutation det ection rate of 74.3% was realized. deuce mutations were found at high gear frequenciesR176X(10.25%) and P281L (10.25%).The frequencies of the otherwise mutations were p.R261Q(7.69%), p.R261X(5.12%), p.R252Q(5.12%),IVS2+5GA(2.56%),IVS2+5GC(2.56%),p.L48S(2.56%),c.632delC(2.56%), p.E280K(2.56%), p.R243Q(2.56%), p.I283N(2.56%), IVS9 +5GA(2.56%), IVS9+1GA(1.28%), IVS11+1GC(1.28%), p.C357R(1.28%).Conclusions The present results confirm the high heterogeneousness of the PAH locus and contribute to information around the distribution and frequency of PKU mutations in the Iranian populationKey Words Phenylketonuria. PAH gene. Iranian population. mutation detection1. BackgroundDeficiency of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) EC.1.14.16.1 is the major familiar cause of hyperphenylalaninemia (1). Phenylalanine hydroxylase convert phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine. This enzyme encoded by PAH gene that located on chromo many 12q23.2. The PAH has 13 exons and 12 introns and is 90 kb in siz e (2). Mutations in any(prenominal) exon of this gene cause damage to the PAH enzyme. Defection of PAH lead to toxicant collecting of phenylalanine in the body fluids and cause damage to the nervous system. This scathe can be resulted to growth failure, microcephaly, mental stave and neurobehavioral abnormalities (3). Phenylketonuria (PKU, MIM 261600) is unscathedness of the well-nigh common inborn prevalent disorders of amino acid transfiguration characterized by a defect in the hepatic PAH and subsequently phenylalanine accumulation in body fluids (4). According to blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels, PKU has been classified as mild PKU, mild hyperphenylalaninemia (MHP) and classical PKU. Classical PKU is the most arrant(a) form of this disorder. Phenylalanine restricted dietary treatment prevents the neurotoxic complications of Phe and its metabolites if it is implemented at an early age (5). The prevalence of PKU varies worldwide. In Caucasians, the prevalence is about 1/ 10000 live births (5) while Iranian population relation incidence is 1/3627 (6). In fact, the high rate of consanguineous marriages in Iran whitethorn be a contributing factor to the high incidence (References ).The molecular(a) bases of PKU have been studied in different populations, So far, more(prenominal) than several hundred different mutations in the PAH gene have been set by the PAH Mutation Analysis Consortium in the PKU patients. These mutations have been listed in the PAH mutation Analysis Consortium database (http// www. Pahb.mcgill.ca). The most frequently occurring type of PAH gene mutations are missense (7). The mutations of PAH gene demonstrate considerable pagan groups and geographic areas variations (8). earlier researches have shown a correlation between PAH genotypes and metabolous phenotypes in PKU patients. Those studies have demonstrated the phenotypic relations of particular mutation combinations (9-11). Mutation analysis of a given population can be useful for the better understanding functional aspects of mutant proteins and the relationship between genotype and phenotype.2. ObjectivesThe aim of this consider was to investigate the molecular basis of PKU in all(a) PKU Patients from two adjacent provinces of North atomic number 74 of IRAN Qazvin and Zanjan. For this purpose, all 13 exons of the PAH gene of all patients were analyzed using direct sequencing for detecting of any genic variations include mutations, polymorphisms and others.3. Patients and MethodsIn this descriptive study we selected all children with known PAH wishing living in Qazvin and Zanjan provinces. Thirty-nine unrelated children were enrolled after obtaining informed consents from the parents. All selected cases have several grades of mental retardation except few patients who have diagnosed during neonatal screening exam. Before molecular studies, The PAH activity and phenylalanine concentration of all patient serum samples were measured by sample c onventional biochemical methods. The blood phenylalanine concentration 20 mg/dl was clinical criteria for classical PKUdiagnosis (12).Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using Qiagen DNA purification kit (Valencia, CA, USA). Specific underfurs for all 13 exons of PAH gene were designed by primer 3 software and verified them by NCBI database. The PCR conditions for all exons were set experimentally based on each primer specifity. The primers and their reaction specificaions were summarized in table 4. The PCR discharges were d sensation by Verity ABI thermal cycler (ABI, USA). PCR products were electrophoresed in 2% agarose gel and visualized after staining by gel red nucleic acid stain (Biotiom U.S.A). For scanning PAH gene in order to finding any variation in the 13 exons, all amplicons were orderd by ABI 3130 genetic analyzer (ABI USA) and the results were matched up to the charitable genomic DNA sequence in GenBank database to explore the probably mutations. V alues were presented as the mean standard deviation and statistical significance was defined as p0.05. All analyses, including the x2 test were carried out using SPSS 16 software (SPSS Inc. Chicago. IL. USA).Ethical Considerations of this study was pass by the ethics committee of Qazvin University of medical sciences (Ethic cods ).4. ResultsIn this study, a nitty-gritty of 39 PKU patients were subjected to scanning PAH gene heterogeneity from Qazvin and Zanjan province. Among 39 patients, 24 come from the Qazvin province, 15 from the Zanjan. The subjects have 1 month to 10 geezerhood old. The serum phenylalanine concentration of all patients was 20 mg/dl.By whole genome sequencing method, 16 different mutations were found in 78 mutant allelomorphs (Diagnostic efficiency 74.3%). The mutations included eight missense mutations (50%), five splice mutations (31%), two nonsense mutations (12.5%) and one deletion (6.25%). All of the mutations were account in antecedent studies (REF ERENCES). (Table 1). Exon 7, 6, 2 and the flanking intronic regions consist 85.5% of the mutant alleles. The most frequent of mutations were p.R176X and p.P281L by 10.5% frequency followed by p.R261Q (7.69%), p.R261X and p.R252Q (5.12%) which consist nearly 40% of all mutations. The p.R261X and p.R252Q Mutations were less frequent. All other mutations had frequencies less than 3%. Among the 39 unrelated families studied, 20 (51.2%) were homozygote, 6 (15.3%) heterozygote and 2 (5.12 %) were compound heterozygote and 11 (28.2%) were no PKU causing mutations. In addition, the p.L385L, p.Q232Q and p.V245V polymorphisms as well were detected in our study with the frequency of 84%, 51% and 17% respectively. These polymorphisms were seen the highest prevalence in PAH gene at other reports (Table 2). Table 3 are shown genotypes of 39 PKU patients too.5. DiscussionIn this research, we looked for genetic heterogeneity in 13 exons of the PAH gene of all PKU patients that admitted to Qazvin a nd Zanjan University of medical sciences health systems in order to finding causative PKU disease genetic factor. From this experiment, 29 of 39 PKU patients were found to contain the mutation in one or more exons of PAH gene. Our analysis of the homozygosity of the mutations were nearly similar to that observed in northwestern Iranian populations (13). The majority of the recognized mutations were situated in the catalytic domains (143-410 amino acid), and some of them (P281L, R252W) were located in the cofactor binding regions. The most common mutation in our subjects was P281L. These data have the same impression with other results obtained from Iran (13-14). The P281L mutation in exon 7 with a relative frequency of 10.5% is CT substitution that lead to conversation of pro to Leu at codon 281 of PAH gene. The another more frequent mutation in our study was p.R176X (10.25%) which is similar to data obtained from another study at Khorasan Razavi region (14). Previous study on the genotype / phenotype association demonstrated generally a positive correlation between R176 X mutation and classic phenotype (15). several(prenominal) studies have reported IVS10-11GA mutation. This is a splice mutation in the cobblers last of intron 10 that observed with a high incidence in Mediterranean region, Brazil and some area of Iran including East Azarbaijan, Semnan, Khorasan Razavi and Hamadan (16-19). However this mutation was not found in the present study. The virtual absence of this mutation in our study may reflect the regional variability of populations. The succeeding(prenominal) most frequent mutation in present study was R261Q (7.69%) that occurs on a CpG mutation hotspot on exon 7 that leads to modulation of Arg to Gln at codon 261 of PAH. This mutation is common in the Mediterranean and southern atomic number 63 but low incidence in Spain (18, 20-21). We found likewise R243Q mutation in 2.5% frequency while other researcher were found it in China and Kor ea in 18.2% and 12% frequency respectively. Most mutant alleles of PAH that fake its transcription and translation can decrease the intracellular stability of protein and ultimately reduce enzyme function completely.we also explore the association between mutations and polymorphism variations. We observed c.755GA mutation and c.168+19TC polymorphism on the same allele together. We also detected association between the p.Q232Q polymorphism and c.842CT, C781CT, c.782GA, c.755GA and c.526CT mutations that occurred on the same allele in cis form. similar association have been reported in the previous study (14). In our study, the most mutant alleles were located on exon 7 and 6 (73%). Other studies in Iranian population were reported agreement results with our findings (14, 16).Thereby to plan detection strategy the samples will be screened first for mutations in these regions. If mutations were not set, the other exons and their adjacent will be tested. Our results of Iranian indivi duals with PKU confirm a heterogeneous spectrum of mutations, displaying different ethnic and geographical origins. Moreover, our findings were slightly different from other ethnic groups. These findings can be useful to genotype/phenotype relationship in patients and provide future some ability to confirmatory diagnostic testing, prognosis and predict severity of PKU patients. V1References1.Guldberg P, Rey F, Zschocke J, Romano V, Francois B, Michiels L, et al. A European multicenter study of phenylalanine hydroxylase inadequateness classification of 105 mutations and a general system for genotype-based prediction of metabolic phenotype. American journal of valet genetics. 1998 Jul63(1)71-9.2.Santos LL, Fonseca CG, Starling AL, Januario JN, Aguiar MJ, Peixoto MG, et al. Variations in genotype-phenotype correlations in phenylketonuria patients. contagiouss and molecular research GMR. 20109(1)1-8.3.Zhang J, Meng J, Zhai X, Fang G, Gao J, Shi M, et al. Identification of novel muta tions in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene of classical phenylketonuria. Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics. 2005 Apr22(2)134-7.4.Williams RA, Mamotte CD, Burnett jr. Phenylketonuria an inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism. The clinical biochemist Reviews / Australian Association of Clinical Biochemists. 2008 Feb29(1)31-41.5.Olsson GM, Montgomery SM, Alm J. Family conditions and dietary control in phenylketonuria. Journal of inherited metabolic disease. 2007 Oct30(5)708-15.6.Koochmeshgi J, Bagheri A, Hosseini-Mazinani SM. Incidence of phenylketonuria in Iran estimated from consanguineous marriages. Journal of inherited metabolic disease. 2002 Feb25(1)80-1.7.Scriver CR. The PAH gene, phenylketonuria, and a paradigm shift. forgiving mutation. 2007 Sep28(9)831-45.8.Zschocke J. Phenylketonuria mutations in Europe. pitying mutation. 2003 Apr21(4)345-56.9.Kayaalp E, Treacy E, Waters PJ, Byck S, Nowacki P, Scr iver CR. Human phenylalanine hydroxylase mutations and hyperphenylalaninemia phenotypes a metanalysis of genotype-phenotype correlations. American journal of human genetics. 1997 declension61(6)1309-17.10.Desviat LR, Perez B, Garcia MJ, Martinez-Pardo M, Baldellou A, Arena J, et al. Relationship between mutation genotype and biochemical phenotype in a heterogeneous Spanish phenylketonuria population. European journal of human genetics EJHG. 1997 Jul-Aug5(4)196-202.11.Romano V, Guldberg P, Guttler F, Meli C, Mollica F, Pavone L, et al. PAH deficiency in Italy correlation of genotype with phenotype in the Sicilian population. Journal of inherited metabolic disease. 199619(1)15-24.12.Guttler F. Hyperphenylalaninemia diagnosis and classification of the various types of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in childhood. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica Supplement. 19802801-80.13.Bonyadi M, Omrani O, Moghanjoghi SM, Shiva S. Mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in Iranian Azeri Turkish patients with phenylketonuria. Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers. 2010 Apr14(2)233-5.14.Hamzehloei T, Hosseini SA, Vakili R, Mojarad M. Mutation spectrum of the PAH gene in the PKU patients from Khorasan Razavi province of Iran. Gene. 2012 Sep 10506(1)230-2.15.Acosta A, Silva W, Jr., Carvalho T, Gomes M, Zago M. Mutations of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene in Brazilian patients with phenylketonuria. Human mutation. 2001 Feb17(2)122-30.16.Zare-Karizi S, Hosseini-Mazinani SM, Khazaei-Koohpar Z, Seifati SM, Shahsavan-Behboodi B, Akbari MT, et al. Mutation spectrum of phenylketonuria in Iranian population. Molecular genetics and metabolism. 2011 Jan102(1)29-32.17.Kleiman S, Avigad S, Vanagaite L, Shmuelevitz A, David M, Eisensmith RC, et al. Origins of hyperphenylalaninemia in Israel. European journal of human genetics EJHG. 19942(1)24-34.18.Rivera I, Leandro P, Lichter-Konecki U, Tavares de Almeida I, Lechner MC. Population genetics of hyperphenylalaninaemia re sulting from phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in Portugal. Journal of medical genetics. 1998 Apr35(4)301-4.19.Dianzani I, Giannattasio S, de Sanctis L, Alliaudi C, Lattanzio P, Dionisi Vici C, et al. Characterization of phenylketonuria alleles in the Italian population. European journal of human genetics EJHG. 19953(5)294-302.20.Perez B, Desviat LR, De Lucca M, Ugarte M. Spectrum and origin of phenylketonuria mutations in Spain. Acta paediatrica. 1994 Dec40734-6.21.Loeber JG. Neonatal screening in Europe the situation in 2004. Journal of inherited metabolic disease. 2007 Aug30(4)430-8.Table 1 spectrum and frequency of PAH mutations identified in 39 patientsTable 2 PAH polymorphisms identified in 39 patientsTable 3 Distributional genotypes in 39 PKU patientsgenetic constitutionPolymorphismNumberof patientsu/uc.168+19TC , c.1155GC,c.696AG1c.838GAp.E280K/ c.838GAp.E280Kc.735GA,c.912GA,c.1155CG1u/u

Analysis Of Contemporary Leadership Theories

Analysis Of modern-day Leadership TheoriesLeadership is the ability to help and guide some others to achieve their in-person surpass. A good attr telephone numberion achieves this by managing the present station and cooking for the future. Throughout history no clear definition has been take for clueing but it could be understood as perish at of influencing personnel toward achieving a usual goal While lead air is the behavior adopted by a drawing card or manger to direct following to achieve the ultimate goal as cited by (Farag, McGuinness, Anthony, 2009). There atomic number 18 different leaders geniuss theories based on behavior like the autocratic, democratic, capitalist and bureaucratic leadership. save beca drug abuse of the thickening demands on the health government coeval leadership theories emerged. Contemporary leadership dashs include quantum leadership, magnetized leadership, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, relational le adership, sh atomic number 18d leadership and servant leadership. Effective nursing leadership directadays piddles powerful work environments that maintain nurses and go forth them to deliver best quality share for the patients.Charismatic leadership concord to (Roberson Strickland, 2010) is linked to leader with certain(p) qualities much(prenominal) as intellectual and individual inspiration, charm, gameer(prenominal) self confidence, provide pellucidness when condition is bleak and pose needed calculated risky moves. This leader set example and do initial sacrifices. whence followers of charismatic leader try continuously to imitate him/her. This type of leadership act upon the followers by logical stimulation about the quality of consider provided. Charismatic leader often start by asking followers modern solution to improve them and the situation available as substantially. The followers experience optimistic effect toward the leader and some(prenominal) t ask they are dealing with, self assured, extremely motivated to try out higher performance. It was spy that employee were em great powered by their charismatic leaders which in care for modify their work engagement. Their sense of empowerment make a huge do work and ample difference on the outcomes related to their tasks.Shared leadership factor empowering alone staff in decision making and is both practitioner owned and organization tout ensembley supported as stated by Scott Caress, 2005. It bear for health care professionals to join their forces and work together to expand multiprofessional care. The formula of shared leadership work to answer individual inquires and assist with ontogeny of professional independence. Shared leadership is based on the idea of deconcentrate tendency of management that creates an atmosphere of empowerment. The advantages of this expressive mode are to offer fall in responsibility and liability for the employee to be more involved in the function of decision making. This style support staff input, creativity, allow sense of worth, high self-esteem and boost job atonement. It utilizes employee skills to enhance delivery of excellent care, create the most suitable culture to reflect on the implement. On the other hand reports show mixed results as to offer any clue about the efficiency of this style. To apply it effectively this means to change all the structure, relationship, decisions on eery level of the organization as much as possible to make it useful for everyone involved. This is the reason why it creates a great challenge to execute. It requires massive dedication and cautious preparation. The ends results lead in spades show it deserve the great campaign put into action.Servant leadership is the initiation where a leader get the desire to serve others and along the process to lead as described by Neil, Hayward Peterson, 2007. The leader in this style represents foresight, attentiveness, accoun tability, influence listen thoughtfully to ideas and loyalty to staff members. The leader always provides ready professional assist for the staff and realizes the significance of staff ploughshare to the development of care. The incorporation of servant leadership patterns by putting into practice has less directing parting and more with serving the needs of others and by use of shared power. Barriers to this style are lack of awareness and power struggles. There is a great connection how health care workers lot each other and how it affects customer care service eventually. As Garber, Madigan, ClickFitzpatrick, 2009 affirm servant leadership style has more significance in complex healthcare today because of dynamic work setting and various teamwork relationships. Moreover this style suggests from the name inherent servant nature thats why it is like by nurses. The application of servant leadership has been shown in last 3 decades but unfortunately still further studies need to implemented to contemplate the effect of leadership on both health workers and patient as well.A nonher modern leadership styles include quantum leadership and relational leadership as Sullivan Decker 2009 reveals that relational leadership could be referred to as connective leadership and leader should pass the skill to generate a relationship amid care giving settings and various personal needs. Nurse Managers could make use of this style when dealing with a great group of administrations, doctors, nurses or any other heath care worker to prepare a novel advanced patient care program .this style necessitate high process skills and content expertise. The leader will keep social communication, calm, discipline and distribute roles, tasks, provide contribution and celebrate accomplishments at right time. A different leadership style is quantum leadership and as mentioned by Sullivan Decker (2009) it true from chaos theory. This leader needs to think outside the box and ch arter a look on the bigger picture at the end. As times revolutionize the role adjust to it. The leader faces various challenges from the ever changing practice. It is worth to mention in the past powerful culture were not available to all involved staff but now everyone can share delivery of excellent patient care if they have needed skills.Last two important contemporary theories that are apply internationally through most of health care management are transactional leadership and transformational leadership. As cited by Ford, (2009) in his study that transactional leader act on main social exchange. The leader works on naturalised framework. Demands clarity on task to accomplish, utilizes incentives as required but when the ideal outcome not sustained uses the appropriate authority to interfere. There is pertinacity in the process of exchange in the midst of the leader and the followers. This process continues between involved personnel applying this style till no longer app licable or desirable. The leader main goal is to preserve balance and experimental condition by always act and refer to the organizational policies and procedure. This leader realizes the importance of personal repay to attract followers to put their greatest effort on the tasks but at the same time customizing regular know practice.The other equally important style is the transformational leadership which the majority of a la mode(p) studies evaluated the success of its application. It is necessary to say that this style achieve past what transactional does. As Dierckx, Casterle, Williams, Verschuren Milisen (2008) refer to Transformational leadership means to empower followers to reach the best professional and personal development. This style is best adhere by hospital and nursing environments. This style aim to influence the followers by nurturing their desires and ideas, thereof followers will try to achieve higher than their expectations. Transformational leadership styl e base on the fact that not to be influenced by post of person but what the person can bring to the organization as a dramatic revolution. It was clearly documented the plastic effect of this style on the fulfillment of staff and their improved performance. In addition it results in patients satisfaction. According to Graham Jack (2008) reveal that transformational style is a process of searching insight of oneself to reach a state where a certain practice should change. The leader has the ability to change a situation with strain to a creative learning experience for everyone involved. Moreover this leader has all the potentials to break the ordinary limits and general restraints associated with other types of leadership styles. In 2008 a study done by Nielsen, Randall, YarkerBrenner conclude to same result and fix that adopting this style enhance psychological well- being of the followers. As the leader chivvy awareness to the shared goal and the follower will think of the amuse of the group rather his/her self only. The leader achieve this by forming sacred motivation to followers by originating an attractive idea .furthermore the leader acts as a role model by using skills of charm ,persuasion and definitely as a mentor. It is noticed strong evidence for causal relationships between work characteristics and employee health and well-being work characteristics that could be greatly influenced by leaders. Several aspects of transformational leadership behavior may be associated with followers perceptions of their opportunities to develop. Transformational leaders are often described as constructing organizational framework that allow followers to train and develop their own cognitive abilities, and to become more capable of defining and perform their own visions independently of the leaders fast control and supervision. Transformational leadership not another option but in fact it boosts the transactional style (Spinelli, 2006). To summarize the diff erence between the transactional and transformational style according to Farag et al.(2009) transactional style depends on the followers agreement to achieve a common goal in exchange of admire or reward. However transformational style result on the followers work toward the same goal of the organization and being motivated and inspired by the leader.In my point of gain what makes a great leader is the ability to choose to lead not to follow. Has to plan effectively for the present issues and to predict complexity of future themes. well-nigh of people agree that leadership could be learned if right characteristics such(prenominal) as intelligence and personality are present. Followers of good leader will always emulate him/her and have the motivation to challenge themselves to be better. They are not afraid of giving continuous feedback on their situation. thence the leader should act as good role model and a mentor as well. A leader with an understandable objective of his/her st yle has less management crisis in contrast to another leader with vague vision. Nursing leader should be a strong advocate and fend for for his/her followers rights and calculate the risk before taking them. The effective leadership will minimize stressors surrounding the staff. For any organization to succeed transformational and transactional style combined are best to implement. These styles both act on facilitating fighting resolution which has great impact on the organizational culture. These styles understand aspects alter conflict management and when properly applied higher job satisfaction will result. Moreover better relationship between staff and constructive health care organization as well as baseball club will be noticed. Lack of effective leadership as usher by (Tomey,2008) direct to patient dissatisfaction, unnoticed contribution of hardworking staff, lack of learning chances with less staff inspiration and intellectual motivation lead to huge stress in the worki ng field of the health organization. Therefore both styles have been found to provide positive atmosphere for the nurses to work whether they want be motivated for the benefit of the group as in transformational style or waiting for the praise, recognition or simple reward as in transactional leadership style. The result will be calmed, healthy workplace environment and well being of patient as well as staff.Finally excellent leaders from all styles are made by experience or born with natural talents. The goal of leader at the end is to assist others accomplish their finest role and always set realistic goals to be challenged. A leader who is inspiring others must be a role model before and an excellent mentor for his/her followers. A leader with great sense of charm and self confidence will naturally attract follower to reach for the best outcome. Therefore cost-effective, pine management should invest on those people with these qualities. Never forget the role of follower even ho w little their contribution might be peradventure one day they become successful leader and affect nations.

Catalytic Power And Specificity Of Enzymes Biology Essay

Catalytic Power And Specificity Of Enzymes Biology EssayEnzymes ar generally proteins, that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the act ar called substratums, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, called the products. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes to occur at signifi sack upt grade.Catalytic advocator and specificity are the two characteristics of enzymes which require explanation. The structure of the enzymes active site allow for provide us with the beginnings of an explanation.Since a catalyst must come in contact with the substrate to initiate any reaction, there must be a fit between the substrate and the active site. Right away, few substrate molecules lead fit and others will non, so some substrates will react and others will not. The fit can come about each because the molecule fits easily into the enzymes active site (lock-and- bring out model) or because the enzymes struc ture adjusts to the substrates portal (induced fit model).Inhibition of enzymes results in a decrease in or elimination of the effect an enzyme has on the rate of a reaction. There are two main types of inhibitors bilateral inhibitors and irreversible inhibitors.Reversible inhibitors do not completely stop the enzyme from catalyzing a reaction, and if the concentration of the inhibitor is lowered the enzymatic action returns to its normal take aim. The reaction can still proceed but at a much slower rate, depending on the amount of inhibitor and substrate present. If concentrations of the inhibitor are lowered they tend to dissociate from the enzyme.There are three mechanisms for reversible inhibitionCompetitive inhibition where the inhibitor resembles the substrate and binds to the same point on the enzyme that the substrate would,Non-competitive inhibition where the inhibitor does not bind to the same point as the substrate but slows down the reaction regardless.Uncompetitiv e inhibition where the inhibitor binds to the enzyme when the substrate is already bound.Irreversible inhibitors bind strongly to the enzyme usually via covalent bonds and do not dissociate when concentrations are lowered thus their name. Bonding can occur at the active site or elsewhere on the enzyme, but the overall effect is to inactivate the enzyme.myocardial infarction cutting myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as death or humiliation of myocardial cells. It is a diagnosis at the end of the spectrum of myocardial ischaemia or knowing coronary syndromes. Myocardial infarction occurs when myocardial ischaemia exceeds a critical threshold and overwhelms myocardial cellular repair mechanisms intentional to maintain normal operating function and hemostasis.This is most commonly imputable to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (fatty acids) and white blood cells (espe cially macrophages) in the wall of an artery.symptoms of acute myocardial infarction include sudden thorax pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left stead of the neck), steepness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety (often described as a sense of imminent doom). Women whitethorn experience fewer typical symptoms than men, most commonly shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of indigestion, and fatigue. Approximately one quarter of all myocardial infarctions is silent, without chest pain or other symptoms.Treatment of myocardial infarction Thrombolytic therapy has been shown to improve survival rates in patients with acute myocardial infarction if administered in a timely fashion in the captivate group of patients. If percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) capability is not un abandoned or will cause a delay greater than 90 minutes, then the optimal approach is to administer thrombolytics within 12 hours of encroachment of symptoms in pat ients with ST-segment elevation greater than 0.1 mV in 2 or more contiguous ECG leads, new left bundle-branch block (LBBB), or anterior ST depression consistent with posterior infarction. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is topnotch to streptokinase in achieving a higher rate of coronary artery patency however, the key to efficacy lies in the speed of the delivery of therapy. Aspirin and/or antiplatelet therapyo Aspirin has been shown to decrease death rate and re-infarction rates after(prenominal) myocardial infarction. hand out aspirin immediately, which the patient should chew if possible upon presentation. Continue aspirin indefinitely unless an obvious contraindication, such as a bleeding tendency or an allergy, is present. Clopidogrel may be use as an alternative in cases of a resistance or allergy to aspirin. Recent data from the CLARITY running play (CLopidogrel as Adjunctive ReperfusIon Therapy Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction TIMI 28) suggest that adding clo pidogrel to this forage is safe and effective. The clopidogrel dose used was 300 mg. Further studies suggest that a higher dose of clopidogrel may have added eudaimonia.o Administer a platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa-receptor antagonist, in addition to acetylsalicylic acid and unfractionated heparin (UFH), to patients with continuing ischemia or with other high-risk features and to patients in whom a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is be after. Eptifibatide and tirofiban are approved for this use. Abciximab also can be used for 12-24 hours in patients with unstable angina or NSTEMI in whom a PCI is planned within the next 24 hours. Heparin (and other anticoagulant agents) has an naturalised role as an adjunctive agent in patients receiving t-PA, but not in patients receiving streptokinase. Heparin is also indicated in patients undergoing primary angioplasty. Few data exist with regard to efficacy in patients not receiving thrombolytic therapy in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Low molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) have been shown to be superior to UFHs in patients with unstable angina or NSTEMI. Bivalirudin (a direct thrombin inhibitor)has shown some declare in the setting of STEMI if combined with high-dose clopidogrel load and may be an curb alternative strategy. Nitrates have no apparent impact on mortality rate in patients with ischemic syndromes. Their utility is in symptomatic time out and preload reduction. Administer to all patients with acute myocardial infarction within the commencement exercise 48 hours of presentation, unless contraindicated (ie, in RV infarction). ACE inhibitors reduce mortality rates after myocardial infarction. Administer ACE inhibitors as soon as possible as long as the patient has no contraindications and system in stable condition. ACE inhibitors have the greatest benefit in patients with ventricular dysfunction. Continue ACE inhibitors indefinitely after myocardial infarction. Angiotensin-rec eptor blockers may be used as an alternative in patients who develop wayward effects, such as a persistent cough, although initial trials need to be confirmed. Beta-blockers may reduce the rates of reinfarction and recurrent ischemia. Administer to patients with myocardial infarction unless a contraindication is present. However,alarge chinese trialshowed no benefit to beta-blockade. This has created some doubt as to the benefitand may lead to a change in the guidelines.Enzyme pattern in myocardial infarction1. Troponin typical Values and units vary from lab to labAbnormal Blood aims of troponin I typically rise within 4 to 6 hours after a shopping mall attack advert peak concentrations within 10 to 24 hours, and fall to normal levels within 10 to 15 days. Elevated troponin levels may indicate heart massiveness injuryTroponin Values 12 hrs after onset of pain showLower particularize speeding limitUnitCommentsTroponin-T0.02ng/mL or g/LUpper limit of normalTroponin-I0.2ng/mL or g/LUpper limit of normalTroponin-T0.020.10ng/mL or g/LAcute Coronary SyndromeTroponin-I0.21.00ng/mL or g/LAcute Coronary SyndromeTroponin-T0.10n/ang/mL or g/LMyocardial Infarction likelyTroponin-I1.00n/ang/mL or g/LMyocardial Infarction likely2. Creatine kinase Myocardial musculus creatine kinase (CK-MB) is embed mainly in the heart. CK-MB levels increase within 3-12 hours of onset of chest pain, reach peak values within 24 hours, and return to baseline after 48-72 hours. Sensitivity and specificity are not as high as for troponin levels. division of Creatine KinaseA chemical reaction where creatine is converted into phosphocreatine is catalyzed by creatine kinase. This rebirth takes place when it applies itself to the utilization of ATP or adenosine triphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate is a basic energy source for brain, skeletal muscle and shine muscle. Phoshocreatine is an energy reservoir for adenosine diphosphates regeneration.In clinical terms, this enzyme is used as a ma rker for myocardial infarction which is heart attack and in muscle breakdown by assaying it in blood tests. Normal Values for CK, CPK workforce5-100 IU/LWomen10-70 IU/LPregnancy5-40 IU/L3. Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. This is an important step in energy production in cells. Many different types of cells in the body contain this enzyme. Some of the organs relatively rich in LDH are the heart, kidney, liver, and muscle. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LAD) level rises above the reference range within 24 hours of a myocardial infarction, reaches a peak within 3-6 days, and returns to the baseline within 8-12 days. Normal rangesTestLower limitUpper limitUnitCommentsLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)50150U/L0.41.7mol/LLDH (enzyme activity)1.83.4kat/L4. Myoglobin Myoglobin is found in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Myoglobin is a protein in heart and skeletal muscles. When you exercise, your muscles use up any availa ble oxygen. Myoglobin has oxygen attached to it, which provides extra oxygen for the muscle to maintain a high level of activity for a longer period of time. When muscle is damaged, myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. Ultimately, it is removed in the urine. It is released more rapidly from infarcted myocardium than troponin and CK-MB and may be detected as advance(prenominal) as 2 hours after an acute myocardial infarction. Myoglobin has high aesthesia but poor specificity. It may be useful for the early spotting of myocardial infarction. The normal (negative) range is 0 to 85 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL).Greater-than-normal levels (a confirmative result) may indicate Skeletal muscle ischemia (blood deficiency) Skeletal muscle trauma Skeletal muscle inflammation (myositis) Heart attack sizable dystrophy Rhabdomyolysis Malignant hyperthermia (very rare)5. Natriuretic peptidesStudies in several types of acute coronary syndromes have shown that elevated levels of natri uretic peptides. One of the peptides that causes natriuresis, the excretion of an likewise large amount of sodium in the urine. The natriuretic peptides are produced by the heart and vasculature A-type natriuretic peptide is secreted largely by the atrial myocardium in reaction to dilatation. B-type natriuretic peptide is manufactured mainly by the ventricular myocardium. C-type natriuretic peptide is produced by endothelial cells that line the blood vessels.B-type natriuretic peptide is useful in the diagnosis of heart failure. The finding of a low level of B-type natriuretic peptide tends to turf out heart failure.5.a B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)A 32-amino-acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in answer to excessive stretching of myocytes (heart muscles cells) in the ventricles. The levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are elevated in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. BNP levels correlate with both the severity of symptoms and the prognosi s in congestive heart failure.BNP levels are higher in patients with dyspnea (shortness of breath) due to heart failure than in patients with dyspnea from other causes. Rapid amount of BNP in the emergency department therefore helps in the evaluation and interference of patients with acute dyspnea and reduces the time to discharge and the cost of their treatment.BNP appears to be a useful marker of cardiovascular risk, even in people with no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. The levels of BNP predict the risk of heart failure, setoff cardiovascular events, atrial fibrillation, and stroke or transient ischemic attack.

Investigating Osmosis :: Papers

Investigating Osmosis Aim To find out how osmosis affects the battalion of a chip through antithetical sugar solutions. Apparatus Petri dishes (6) Chips Ruler Thermometer 30 cm3 Solutions (6) DI, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1M Measuring Cylinder Knife Weighing scales Definition Osmosis is the movement of piss molecules from a high soaking up of water molecules to a lower concentration of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. Prelims Before doing this practical, I did a preliminary look into. This was to help with my prediction and also to improve my main practical. This experiment was quick. It was just the same as the actual practical but it helped me to veer certain things. I recorded 3 different changes in mass of the chips in each of the solutions at different times. DI 0.2 m 0.4 m 0.6 m 0.8 m 1m 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 1 hour 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 1 1/2 hours 4.1cm 4cm 4cm 3.8cm 3.8cm 3.6cm 2 hours 4 cm 3.9cm 3.5cm 3.6cm 3.4cm 3.2cm Ive now decided to weigh the chips at the start and finish. This is to get more completed readings. It will be easier to acknowledge any anomalous results if one chip is compared to two others. I name decided to leave the chips in the solution for a longer end of time (overnight) I found that the longer I left the chips in the solution the more the mass changed. I did this to get more accurate results. Variables The only thing verifying in this experiment is going to be the concentration of the sugar in each of the solutions in the 6 different

Free Argumentative Essays: Euthanasia :: Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia Euthanasia centre gentle or easy death for those who are incurably rachitic and in pain. So should a person take away the right to perplex another persons purport or his own when he/she is incurably charge and in pain. That is what whole of Australia is trying to decide. The N.T all ready has passed a uprightness that legalise mercy killing in that state. Now other goernment leadership and members are in reliever of this are pushing for an Australian mercy killing law. Christian Groups and Anti-Euthanasia have seen euthanasia as a sin and a choice that no-body should make. Some doctors have taken ill patients lifes as a request from the patient should this now be openly done. On the 18/06/96, The head of the NT chapter of the Australia Medical Association, Dr.Chris Wake, and Aboriginal leader Rev.Djiniynni Gondarra put forward the NT euthanasia law .But was dismissed by the NT Supreme Court. After appealing and with the reinforcement of three major p arty leaders the law was passed. Prime subgenus Pastor John Howard disapproved with the Law and takeing that he has no problem accommodative his views on federalism with his views on life and death by voting to over turn the law. Also Kevin Andrews was strongly not in favour and with Howards support he introduced a bill overriding the N.T laws. But still in the end the law was still standing. If our leaders are divided we could say that the citizens of Australia would have been divided on this Issue. Maybe a referendum would have been appropriate, that still euthanasia would still occur illegal and secrecy. Christian groups and Christian have strongly supported their view on euthanasia , they have seen it as a sin. For a Christian his life is not besides his because his life is part of gods. In the Bible, chapter of (Romans 1418) it states If we live ,we are responsible for(p) to the Lord and when we die we are responsible to the Lord. Both in life and death we belo ng to the lord. Christian view the death of a valet person as their turn to meet god. As Christian Rights groups and Anti- euthanasia believe in these views they have protested in a number of do

American Identity Essay -- History Indians Historical Essays

American Identity Works Cited Not includeAmerican individuation has been created by many events throughout the course of history. This pastoral was founded on the clashing and mixing of many different cultures and lifestyles. One of the nigh important periods of while for this country was during the period of conflict between Americans and indigene Americans over land rights. Americans had an idea of manifest destiny and that this land was theirs for the taking. The Americans were passing play to walk through anyone who opposed them in this quest for land. The treatment of the Indians during this time period was harsh, cruel, and violent to say the least. It is in this treatment that Americans came to view the Indians as a ?racialized other? and where race began to matter. This early thinking is what created our American identity which is based on race.In the early settling of this country, when the English starting encountered the Indians they viewed them as uncivilized beast s. ?The first English colonizers in the New domain found that the Indians reminded them of the Irish? (Takaki, 28). To the English the Irish represented a set down and uncivilized class of people, a group that the English considered to be to a lower place them. This association was the beginning of creating an ?Indian Race.? The Indians were different then Irish in they had a reddish tint to their skin. This was important because this lead further to their separation by their color. The Indians were further looked at as...

Analysis of Priceline.com :: Internet Online Purchasing E-Commerce Essays

Analysis of Priceline.com Incomplete PaperPriceline.com (PCLN) may get been able to bring a dynamic reverse vendue model to the market, but a cloud of doubt now hangs over the companys headquarters in Norwalk, Connecticut. Consumer adoption has been hurt by poor web site functionality and a rigid bidding system that locks customers into buying products much(prenominal) as plane tickets without any control over specific escapism details. On a bullish note, the company was recently reinstated into Connecticuts Better line Bureau after making improvements to its Web site and customer service. provided the bigger problem facing Priceline is a lack of support from investors, who have driven the companys stock down 98% from its 52-week high. Executive departures and layoffs aside, the companys delayed bound toward profitability and inability to scale successfully mogul very hale exemplify a doomed model, or a solution in search of a problem. Perhaps an emphasis on price has blin d Priceline to intangibles like quality service and a satisfying experience. Its unclear whether consumers argon willing to sacrifice brand and product features to save a hardly a(prenominal) bucks. The announcement in early October that the companys WebHouse Club subsidiary for groceries and gas would close, was a shot heard round the Web and Wall Street and signaled the model might be broken. Introduction Which is the whiz place where you can satisfy your any need (almost every need) at your price? Be it airline tickets, hotel rooms, lease cars, mortgages, new automobiles, or even long distance calling time. The dish would be Priceline.com. All you have to do is know your need, state your terms, and conciliate your offer. It doesnt get easier than this Priceline.com was one of the pioneer online companies to traverse the traditional limitations of the net income and revolutionize online purchasing. Its strategy letting the consumer name his/her price, and matching it with a seller who is willing to fill the demand at that price and those conditions, on that point by providing the required service the consumer desires. Thus Priceline.com is basically an integrated, Web-based e-marketing automated system, which was one of its kinds when it started its business in the consumer marketplace. In simple word it is the ideal middleman, who gets you what you destiny, when you want it through a unique dotcom experience. Priceline.com was formed on April 6, 1998 as a limited liability company, but looking at its potential and speedy success it was soon converted into a corporation.

Comparing Lester of American Beauty and Ricci of The Bicycle Thief Essa

Comparing Lester of American Beauty and Ricci of The rou allowte wheel Thief In American Beauty Kevin spacey who plays Lester lives a typical middle class lookwith his family. His wife is having an affair, his refr hazardory daughter doesnt talk to him and his neighbors atomic number 18 psycho. In contrast The Bicycle Thief portrays a tight family. Riccis wife loves him, his behaved son talks to him and his neighbors are helpful when a crises occurs. In both of these films the main characters, Lester and Ricci, go through with(predicate) a responsibility stage. Both must make a life changing experience, either good or bad, that will have an arrange on the people around them.Lester decides to make a few changes in his rut of life, changes that are lessmid-life and more adolescence like. While he slowly goes through these changes on filmone can see that the more responsibility he gives up the more happy he becomes. What hegives up to make him happy, though, exactly make s his family more hateful towards him. Itisnt that he gave up his responsibilities to improve his relationship with his daughter or improve it with his wife but to be selfish and gratify himself from what he lost when he was young. He does reckless and foolish things in this movie, but he doesnt deceivehimself, he knows hes running wild--and chooses to. He let these feelings over powerhim and he almost let this irresponsibility make grow the best of him when he found himself alone with his daughters best friend. Its absolutely natural to have feelings like he has toward her but there came a time with him when he saw what he was going to do was non right. So he refrained and actually gained a friend. (After he has been losing people left field and right) His ability to refrain from his action... ...l up Ricci throughout his search encounters indifference to worldand incivility of others. Ricci fights within himself to be the better person but only ends up in internal conflict wit h himself. He loses his respect for himself and we are astonished by his indecency toward other people of Riccis same needy disposition. On the other hand American Beauty dabbles with the question how bold and inhuman can well-nighone lower themselves to over a unforesightful period of time. But Lester proves us wrong. His obsession with Angela in the end turns into an act of humanism and civility towards individual who is naive. Both of these main characters traits, at some point in everyoneslife, have delivered or even taught a lesson about refraining from some sort of action that could end up in consequences that are defiant against ones own code of conduct orsomeone elses.

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

George Orwells puppet Farm is a political satire of atotalitarian gild ruled by a mighty dictatorship, in in alone opportunity an allegory for the events surrounding the RussianRevolution of 1917.  The animals of Manor Farm upset their humanity master after a long history of mistreatment.  light-emitting diode by thepigs, the evoke animals continue to do their work, only with morepride, well-educated that they are working for themselves, as opposed toworking for humans.  Little by little, the pigs become dominant,gaining more power and advantage over the another(prenominal)(prenominal) animals, so much sothat they become as corrupt and power-hungry as their predecessors,the humans.  The foot in Animal Farm maintains that in everysociety on that particular are leaders who, if given the opportunity, will resemblingly abuse their power.        The mass begins in the barnyard of Mr. Jones Manor Farm.The animals congregate at a meeti ng led by the prize white boar,Major.  Major points out to the assembled animals that no animal inEngland is free.  He further explains that the products of theirlabor is stolen by man, who solely benefits.  Man, in turn, givesback to the animals the bare minimum which will keep them from famishment while he profits from the rest.  The old boar tells themthat the source of all their problems is man, and that they mustremove man from their midst to abolish tyranny and hunger.        age later Major dies, but the hope and pride which he gavethe other animals does not die.  Under the leadership of the pigs,the most intelligent of the animals, they rebel against their humanmaster managing to overthrow him.  After the rebellion, under thedirection of Napoleon, the most communicative pig, and Snowball, themost eloquent pig, the animals continue to work the farmsuccessfully.        As with all societies, the animals have laws which must beobeyed.  Their laws stated that animals shall never become likehumans cruel and manipulative.  They shall not wear clothing norsleep in beds.  Most importantly, they are to respect one anothersequality and killing another animal is strictly forbidden.        Meanwhile, the pigs as leaders are taking big food rationsfor themselves justifying their behavior as something necessary forthe brains of their animal society.  At this point we begin tosuspect that the pigs will abuse their positions and power in thisanimal society.        Mr. Jones tries to reclaim his power but the animals preventhim from doing so in what they forecast The Battle of the Cowshed.After the battle, Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm tellingeveryone that Snowball was on Mr.

The Non-Jewish Individual Essay -- Jewish History, Kafka

The Non- Judaic IndividualJewish history is a study of a people in exile. Since the demolition of the Temple of Jerusalem, the experience of the Jewish individual in relation to non-Jewish inn has often been that of an outsider looking in. In addition, the distinct Jewish culture, religion, and ism identifiably marked the Jews as a separate people. Although this demarcation overt the Jews to many negative ideological trends, Isaac Deutschers The Non-Jewish Jew argues that this marginalization enabled the great thinkers of the nineteenth and 20th centuries to revolutionize the European continent. As the title suggests, the non-Jewish Jews were individuals that abandoned Judaism. Deutscher argues that the historic exclusion imbued Jewish people with the innate perspective of the external critic. When the individuals change state themselves from the ideological shackles of Judaism this now double marginalization provided the perspective of the extreme outsider. erst freed from both the restrictions of Jewish and Christian ideology they were then able to reinterpret society and develop the theories that would revolutionize the world. Deutscher asserts that the famous non-Jewish Jews such as Spinoza, Heine, Marx, and others were representatives of this perspective. In essence, their independence from society enabled them to criticize and fundamentally change the ideological ornament of Europe in ways that other thinkers bound by Christian or Jewish ideology could not. However, with an analysis of Deutschers argument through with(predicate) Franz Kafkas A Report to an Academy it becomes clear that his Non-Jewish Jews were not unless dependent upon society, but also more importantly they were not rattling Jewish. Initially, Kakfas ... ...by the subjects of Deutschers The Non-Jewish Jew are reflected and exhibited in Deutschers work. His assertion that Jews commit a special ability to critically analyze society because of their historic isolation supports th e same race based ideology that the historical figures worked against. Additionally, the draw of Marx, Heine, and the others to this racially decided independence from society fails to acknowledge their deep conjunctive to their non-Jewish culture. Therefore, through an analysis of Deutschers work through the context of Kafkas A Report to an Academy it becomes apparent that Deutscher undermines his argument by flunk to appropriately state the relevance of the historical figures connection to society and close to importantly, by allowing racial inflections to manipulate his perspective of his subject revolutionary individuals.

Essay --

Family is known to be the foundation of society, still family can also be a base of anger, grief and dissimulation and animosity cohabitation and dating relationships can also be a source of grief. No oneness should live in precaution of the person they cacoethes, however, when love becomes interwoven with furiousness, the dynamic of the relationship changes. The relationship atmosphere becomes less powerful, unequal to(p) of providing support and a nurturing environment as it becomes a vehicle for ain destruction and despair. Intimate companion violence was consider at one point to be a private matter, however, it is now a common concern. In fact, people involvement in a single causal agent of IPV-physical, informal and psychological abuse-includes mental health and legal professionals and community members (Witte, Schroeder and Lohr, 2006). Texas defines home(prenominal) violence as an act by a member of a family or household against another member of the family or household that is intend to result in physical harm, bodily injury, assault or knowledgeable assault or that is a threat the reasonably places the member in fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury, assault or sexual assault, but does not included defensive measures to protect oneself (Child Welfare knowledge Gate authority, 2013). Domestic violence (DV), also known as intimate partner violence (IPV), spousal abuse or battering, is a widespread difficulty across the medical, social, and public health arena Houry, Feldhaus, Perry, Abbott, Lowenstein, Al-Bataa-De-Montero, and Levine (2004). Health-related costs of physical assault, marital rape, stalking, and homicide by intimate partners exceed $5.8 billion yearly, which is nearly $4.1 billion of which goes to send off medical and mental health services (Fantuzz... ...clusion, domestic violence cash register does not guarantee accountability because not all domestic violence cases are reported. Thus, abusers are not conv icted, therefore, would not be included in the registry. Since not all domestic violence cases are reported or convicted, that would make the registry incomplete, thus providing a false sense of security department if a spouses, boyfriends or girlfriends name is not on the list. However, HB 21 could be encompassing into jurisdiction database. This way it can protect victim by ensuring that subsisters do not have to live in fear worrying that their partners will come after them. The database should not allow the wrongdoer to upgrade their information but the system should be in the way as a parole officer is to their parolee whereby, only the officers of the jurisprudence can access the database to make changes in an offenders information.